By the Project for Excellence in Journalism

New patterns in news consumption and a deteriorating economy deepened the emerging cracks in the economic foundation of the media in 2008.

Here is a brief look at the battering year for the news industry as measured by six key indicators: audience, economics, news investment, ownership and digital trends:

Audience

In a big news year, most media continued to see audiences shrink.

Only two platforms clearly grew: the Internet, where the gains seemed more structural, and cable, where they were more event-specific.

The data also suggest a clear trend in the changing nature of how Americans now learn about the world around them. People are relying more heavily — both during peak moments and in general — on platforms that can deliver news when audiences want it rather than at appointed times, a sign of a growing “on demand” news culture. People increasingly want the news they want when they want it.

• Much of that traffic, moreover, went to the biggest Internet sites, many of them offering news primarily from wire services or aggregated from legacy media outlets. The top 50 news websites saw traffic for the year grow 27%, according to PEJ’s analysis of comScore data, while all news and information sites grew 7%. The top four news sites —Yahoo, MSNBC.com, CNN.com and AOL—saw unique visitors grow 22% to 23.6 million visitors a month. That was twice the rate of increase of 2007 and more than five times the rate in 2006.

• The gains in cable, which generated even greater publicity, were more ephemeral. For 2008, the average monthly audience of the three major news channels throughout the day and evening grew by 38%, to a new high of 2.2 million. But after the election, the audience began to drift away.  A bump in early 2009, though, brought the average back up slightly, and in February, prime-time audiences were running 5% ahead of the corresponding month of 2008.

Audiences Turn to Cable and Web

Percentage Change in Audience, 2007 to 2008, Across Media

Design Your Own Chart

Source: Arbitron, Audit Bureau of Circulations, comScore Media Metrix, Nielsen Media Research1

• The numbers for network news were down but not as precipitously as in past years and not as much as it was for network entertainment programming. The decline in the three commercial evening newscasts, for instance, slowed in 2008 to just 1% —or 300,000 viewers (compared with roughly a million lost annually over the last two decades). A combined 22.8 million people still watch the three programs each night, and 13.1 million watch the networks’ morning news. Late in the year, as the worsening economy became big news, both evening news and to a lesser extent morning shows saw audience gain.

• The numbers were bleak for newspapers in print, though better for their digital editions. Circulation fell 4.6 % daily and 4.8% Sunday for the latest period compared with a year earlier. That brings them down 13.5% daily and 17.3% Sunday since 2001. Traffic to newspaper websites is growing, however. Unduplicated Web audiences are now estimated to add 8.4% to the average newspaper’s readership, making up most, but not all, of the audience decline.

• In audio platforms, AM/FM radio audiences either grew slightly or fell depending on how you count them. Arbitron reported a small rise in the audience for news and talk programs, up 2% to 48 million. But survey data show small declines in the number of people who said they listened to radio news the day before (to 35% from 36%). Various new audio technologies, including from satellite, podcasts and Internet radio, grew. Sirius XM, the satellite radio company forged in the merger of the industry’s two pioneers, expected to finish the year with 9.2% more subscribers than the two companies had the year before.

• And the ethnic press, a growing sector the last few years, saw its audience numbers become more complicated. The circulation for most of the African American papers declined. For Spanish-language dailies, results were mixed, while Spanish television stations gained. Online, the ethnic media made more strides in 2008 than in the past.

• Perhaps the bleakest news came in for the American weekly news magazine. According a survey, less than a quarter of American adults said they read a magazine of some kind the day before—down from a third in 1994.  Of the eight publications that PEJ tracks as news magazines, circulation dropped 4.8%. One stalwart – U.S. News & World Report – announced it would no longer be a print news weekly, converting instead to a monthly focused on its popular rankings of colleges and other consumer topics.

• Local television remained the nation’s most popular source for news, but, on a percentage basis, it was among the biggest losers of audience in 2008. Just over half of Americans are now regular viewers (52%), according to a survey, down from nearly two-thirds (64%) a decade earlier. Viewership of local evening newscasts, those around the dinner hour, fell by an average of 4.5%, according to an analysis of ratings data by PEJ. Morning and mid-day newscasts held basically stable. Even the trend toward adding new shows in new timeslots seems to have slowed.

Economics

The economic storm of 2008 accelerated the crisis facing news business, forcing the weakest into insolvency and testing the strength of the rest. If estimates by Advertising Age prove accurate, total spending on advertising fell for the second consecutive year. Another decline is predicted for 2009. That would mark the first consecutive three-year decline in advertising spending since the Great Depression.For news, some of this—perhaps at least half—cannot be attributed solely to the cyclical downturn. It also reflects the powerful structural shifts brought on by digital technology, which has allowed those who want to reach consumers to do so without the news media as intermediary.

Change in Ad Spending by Medium

2007 to 2008

Design Your Own Chart

Source: Cable: SNL Kagan; Network: TNS Media Intelligence; Online: eMarketer; Local TV: Television Bureau of Advertising; Audio: Radio Advertising Bureau; Magazines: Publishers Information Bureau; Newspapers: Newspaper Association of America.2

• In newspapers, total ad revenue fell 16% in 2008. Even online ads – once the great hope – ended up falling 0.4%% and amounted to less than 10% of revenue.
• In radio, the only gains at most stations are from new technology, concerts and billboards, but none of those sectors is particularly large. Fully 90% of radio revenue still flows to traditional, or terrestrial, radio. And through the first nine months of the year, traditional radio revenue was down 7% compared with the first three quarters of 2007. This contrasted to a 2% drop for all of 2007.
• And in news magazines, the model of the mass-market printed weekly appears to have collapsed. U.S. News has gone to monthly guides while Newsweek, in a move to staunch losses, is trying to emulate the niche, elite model of The Economist. That leaves Time as the sold survivor of a genre it invented.

• Even while online ad spending grew about 14% through the first three quarters of the year, most of it benefited Google and other search providers. Revenue from the sale of banners and other display ads that news websites depend on increased just 4%, and estimates are that it declined by the fourth quarter. One reason: the infinitely expanding universe of blogs and websites has forced them to cut their rates to compete for advertisers. The cost to reach 1,000 viewers fell by half in 2008 alone, to an estimated average of 26 cents.

• In local television, a deteriorating market for advertising had analysts scrambling to revise their estimates downward as the year wore on. Most concluded that the final revenue numbers were as much as 7% lower than the year before and that profit margins had probably been cut in half.  And that came during an election, a bad sign for a sector that counts on political ads to replenish coffers every two years. Local television is being particularly hurt by the collapse of the auto industry, its biggest advertiser.
• Given all this, cable television executives could be excused for exuberance. Pre-tax profits in 2008 for the three major news cable channels grew by a third over the year before to an estimated $1.1 billion. Next year will likely not be as strong. A big source of the revenue gains was campaign ads, which ended with the election.  But cable has one big advantage: fully half of its revenue comes from subscription fees built into monthly cable bills, which insulates the channels from downturns in ad rates and spending.
• Network news, without that cushion of subscription fees, faces a long-term future that is far more questionable. With a different and decidedly disadvantaged economic model, the whole network model of providing programming to local stations is in question. If it collapses, so might the notion of network news programming. All that can be said with certainty is that network executives are facing challenges they have never seen before.

News investment

Other than in cable news, the picture in newsrooms in 2008 was brutal, and 2009 could be worse.

• America’s newspapers got smaller in just about every way. One estimate shows 5,900 full-time newsroom jobs were cut, or about 11%, in 2008. By the end of 2009, the newsrooms of American daily newspapers may employ roughly 25% fewer people than in 2001—and the losses are higher at big-city metros. The impact was especially severe on overseas bureaus, in state capitals and in Washington. Half the states no longer have a newspaper covering the U.S. Congress. And the change in the product is manifest. The physical dimensions of the daily paper are smaller, ads now are common on front pages, sections have disappeared and some papers have stopped printing or delivering on unprofitable days.

• In network television, for much of the year it looked as though newsrooms would be spared more of the bloodletting that had taken place the year before. Originally, cuts were smaller, although mostly among on-air personnel in contrast to behind-the-camera cuts the prior year. Heading into 2009, however, another round of cuts was on its way, and both foreign and domestic bureaus could be affected. Overseas, all three networks had, by the end of 2008, eliminated the posting of full-time reporters in Iraq.
• The news teams Americans say they most rely on – the familiar faces at the local television stations – also shrank in 2008. Fewer stations reported hiring, and the median staff size slid from an all-time high the previous year as news directors looked for ways to combine newsgathering functions. The move to expand or add news programs also appeared to be slowing. A big capital infusion in equipment for the conversion to digital broadcasting came to a close. And by the end of the year layoffs were accelerating.

• Radio news, already operating at a fraction of the size it did decades ago, seems headed into another period of contraction brought on by drops in local ad spending. Newsrooms – which already average only slightly more than two people and produce news for three stations – were expected to shrink further. Even the nonprofit National Public Radio announced layoffs – 7% of its staff of nearly 900 — and canceled two programs

• Yet nowhere was the turmoil more acute than in news magazines. Late in the year, several publications announced substantial layoffs, on top of cutbacks in staffing and resources already made earlier in the year. Newsweek saw some of the biggest cuts, both in manpower and bureaus. Buyouts eliminated 160 employees, and one-correspondent bureaus in Chicago, Detroit and Mexico City were shuttered. Further cuts were feared in 2009.
• Only the newsrooms of the three major cable channels were on a pace to increase their investment in newsgathering, at an average of 7%. CNN established one-person bureaus in 10 cities and announced the creation of a wire service. Fox News, at No. 2 in spending, was projected to have the biggest boost in budget, up 17%.

Ownership

If things were bad in the counting house and the newsrooms, the picture for the companies that owned the news business was just as grim. There were few buyers out there. And those who had recently bet on the news business—like News Corp., Tribune, and McClatchy — were punished for buying too high or had trouble meeting their debt payments. Stock prices fell, and dividends were slashed. If two years ago there began to be doubts about whether ownership through publicly traded stocks was still an appropriate model, in 2008 bankruptcy restructuring entered the discussion of media ownership in a serious way.

• In newspapers, stock prices fell 83% in 2008. Hearst announced it would have to sell, close or reorganize papers in Seattle and San Francisco. E.W. Scripps closed its paper in Denver. The Tribune Company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection even though most of its papers and television properties still generated operating profits; it was just not enough to cover the debt left over from the transaction in which it went private a year before. The owners of the Minneapolis Star-Tribune and the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News also went in bankruptcy.  One of the last of the African American dailies, the Chicago Defender, converted to a weekly publication cycle and AsianWeek folded.

• In broadcast television, the Big Three owners with network news remained profitable in 2008 but looked overseas, to cyberspace and to new partners for growth in the face of continuing declines in their traditional advertising-based businesses. CBS wrote down the value of its holdings by $14 billion, citing the soft advertising environment, but invested heavily in a newly formed Internet division. The stock of NBC’s parent company, General Electric, fell so far so fast that it led to speculation that the network may be sold, although no signs of that emerged. ABC’s parent, Disney, warned that the recession would affect nearly everything it does, reducing attendance at its theme parks and sapping revenue from its television network.

• In local television, which had been a financial bright spot, the situation dimmed. With credit tight and revenues declining, the number of television stations bought was half the figure reported the year before and the lowest since 2004. According to one accounting, 96 stations were sold from January to December 2008, with a total value of $866 million. This compared with 270 in all of 2007 for a value of $4.6 billion. The stock values of publicly traded companies that own stations plunged.
• The pattern was similar in radio. While the biggest player, Clear Channel Communications, completed its sale to private equity investors in 2008, an expected surge of such dealmaking failed to materialize. In satellite radio, the two pioneers joined to form Sirius XM Radio, but the wilting economy soon forced them to accept a white knight investor to avoid defaulting on debt payments.

• And in magazines, the major owners consolidated and even closed some publications. For the second year in a row, fewer new magazines were introduced and sales dwindled. There were 42 mergers and acquisitions among consumer magazines, a drop of 25% from 2007, and the value of the deals fell a staggering 97%.

Digital Trends

In addition to the broader audience and economic trends online, a number of specific Web developments emerged in 2008. For the news industry, they bring concern, glimmers of hope and new voices. But much of the expansion and innovation is now coming from those outside of traditional news industries.

And it became clearer during the year that newspapers, television and other legacy media are unlikely to ever support their worldwide news gathering with the sale of banners, pop-ups and other display advertising. The real growth online continues to be in search advertising, and no one has figured out a way yet to combine search advertising with news in sufficient volume.

• Economically, one growing cause of concern for news is that national websites and aggregators like Google are fast making inroads in attracting local advertising. That means even if online advertising returns to big growth rates of two years ago, it may not help news organizations as much as once thought. Over the past decade, the share of Internet advertising derived from local businesses has doubled, by some estimates to 40%, but most of those ads (57% in 2007) are now going to national Internet-only sites like Google and Yahoo, not to local news organizations.

• The areas of growth in news are small. Advertising in online video and rich media – those commercials that precede the video a user clicks to see — is growing swiftly, a compound rate of 33% over the last five years, although it still only represents about 10% of Internet advertising. And many users have figured out they can often view the same video without the ad on YouTube and other sites.
• Mobile technology has also taken a leap, raising the prospect of millions of Americans getting their news from their smartphones. With 40 million active users of the mobile Web, advertisers spent $1.3 billion to reach them in 2008, up 59% from a year earlier. News organizations are scrambling to establish beachheads in this new land, but old questions of revenue persist. Will the tiny banner ads pay enough to finance the effort?

In online content, citizen news sites that do original reporting gained some steam in 2008, especially in areas where traditional coverage has vanished. But, according to a study of citizen sites in 46 markets, they remain far from a substitute for legacy media. Their range of topics is narrower, the sourcing somewhat thinner and the content often not updated even once a day. They also trail legacy news sites in the various methods for distributing their content.

• Refugees of the mainstream press helped launch or staff a number of independent new ventures online. Some are nonprofits; others have been given start-up money with the expectation of becoming self-sustaining; still others are for-profit entities. The sites also are diverse in subject matter. Some cover very local news, other report globally and still other focus on niche areas such as health or science. A review by PEJ of several of the larger initiatives finds they are offering some solid journalism in niche areas of interest. But for now, these new ventures rely primarily on philanthropic funding and partly for that reason seem more suited to fill in the gaps of vanished journalism than to replace the industry entirely.

Footnotes

1. The cable figure is based on PEJ’s analysis of Nielsen Media Research data. It represents the combined mean daytime and prime-time viewership (individuals over the age of 2) of CNN, MSNBC and Fox News. The online figure is based on PEJ’s analysis of comScore Media Metrix data. It represents mean unique viewers of the top 50 news websites, excluding weather, entertainment and other specialty sites. (Another leading Internet audience measurement company, Hitwise, calculated a similar audience growth of 23% in its “news and media” category.) The audio figure is based on Arbitron Ratings data. It represents the latest estimate of the average number of people over the age of 12 who listened to news/talk/information on AM/FM radio over the course of a week. The network figure is based on PEJ’s analysis of Nielsen Media Research data. It represents the mean evening news viewership (individuals over the age of 2) of NBC, CBS and ABC. The local TV figure is based on PEJ’s analysis of Nielsen Media Research data. It represents the mean evening news ratings (individuals over the age of 2) for ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC affiliates. The newspaper figure is based on circulation data provided by the Audit Bureau of Circulations. It represents average circulation for the 50 largest U.S. daily newspapers during a six-month period ending September 30 compared to the same period a year prior.  The magazine figure is based PEJ’s analysis of circulation data provided by the Audit Bureau of Circulations. It represents the average circulation during the first half of the year, compared to the same period a year earlier, for eight news magazines studied by PEJ: Time, Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report, The Economist, The Atlantic, The Week, The New Yorker and National Journal.

2. Cable figures are based on estimated combined ad revenues for CNN/Headline News, Fox News and MSNBC for 2007 and 2008, provided by SNL Kagan, a division of SNL Financial LLC. Online figures are total online display ad revenues, from January to September 2008, compared with the same period in 2007, provided by eMarketer. Network figures are based on combined ad revenues for news divisions at ABC, CBS and NBC from January to September 2008, compared with the same period in 2007, provided by TNS Media Intelligence. Local TV figures are based on ad revenue estimates from January to September 2008, compared with the same period in 2007, provided by the Television Bureau of Advertising. Radio figures are based on AM/FM advertising revenues from January to September 2008, compared with the same period in 2007, provided by the Radio Advertising Bureau. Newspapers figures are based on total industry advertising for 2007 and 2008, provided by the Newspaper Association of America. Magazine figures are based on ad pages sold – not revenue – provided by the Publishers Information Bureau for eight news magazines: Time, Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report, The Economist, The Atlantic, The Week, National Journal, and The New Yorker.

Author’s Note

By the Project for Excellence in Journalism

This report each year attempts to analyze the major sectors of the news media in depth and to look across those different elements of the news media to see broader trends.

For each of the nine sectors studied, we examine developments in five different distinct areas—audience, economics, newsroom investment, ownership and digital journalism—and, often, alternative outlets as well. We aggregate as much publicly available data as possible in one place and include original content analysis. In addition to numerous new charts of data, most compilations from earlier reports are updated and still available.

Our goal is to be a resource for the public, journalists, students, academics, those in government and those who want to use the news culture to communicate. People can approach the material in this report in several ways. They can go directly to the medium about which they are most concerned — say, local television news — and drive vertically through it. Or they can focus on a particular issue — audience trends, for example — and move horizontally across different media sectors to see how consumption of news and information is changing. They can move across the introductory overviews of each sector. They can flip back and forth between our narrative and the interactive charts and tabular material. Or they can work through the statistics for themselves, making their own charts, answering their own questions, in effect creating their own reports.

Our desire in this study is to answer questions we imagine any reader would find important, to help clarify the strengths and weaknesses of the available data, and to identify what is not yet answerable.

The study is the work of the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, a nonpartisan and nonpolitical institute that studies the information revolution. PEJ is one of seven initiatives that make up the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. The center and this work are funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts. The chapters were written by the Project’s staff, with the exception of the chapter on newspapers, which was written with the help of a co-author. All of the chapters also benefit from the input of teams of readers who are experts in each media sector.

Our aim is a research report, not an argument. Where the facts are clear, we hope we have not shied from explaining what they reveal, making clear what is proved and what is only suggested. We hope that we are not seen as taking sides. Our intention is to inform, not to persuade, and where we interpret data to draw conclusions, our goal is to do so in a way that is fully supported by the data, and only when those data are clear.

We have tried to be as transparent as possible about sources and methods, and to make it clear when we are laying out data and when we have moved into analysis of it. We have attempted, to the best of our ability and within the limits of time, to seek out multiple sources of information for comparison where they exist. Each year we hope to gather more sources, improve our understanding and refine our methodology.

Our approach — looking at a set of questions across various media — differs from the conventional way in which American journalism is analyzed, one medium at a time. We have tried to identify cross-media trends and to gather in one place data that are usually scattered across different sites. We hope this will allow us and others to make comparisons and develop insights that otherwise would be difficult to see.

By the Project for Excellence in Journalism

A strong news year in 2008 provided journalists with an opportunity to win back some of the respect and confidence they had lost from the public.

There’s scant evidence, though, that happened.

The public retained a deep skepticism about what they see, hear and read in the media. No major news outlet – broadcast or cable, print or online – stood out as particularly credible. There was no indication that Americans altered their fundamental judgment that the news media are politically biased, that stories are often inaccurate and that journalists do not care about the people they report on.

And, perhaps paradoxically, a public that said it relies to a large and growing extent on the Internet for news gave it particularly low marks for credibility.

On the plus side, believability ratings were stable for leading print outlets, and even rose slightly for most of the top television news operations. And the media got high marks for the story the public cared most about: the economy.

Other conclusions from surveys taken during the year:

• The partisan divide that has crept into news consumption widened. This was seen among liberals and conservatives alike, both in their general trust in the media and their perception of how the presidential candidates were treated.  Increasingly, there are Republican views of the news media and Democratic views, and they differ sharply.

• Overall, voters gave so-so marks for the coverage of the election: an average grade of “C,” the same as in 2004. The presumption that reporters favored one candidate, however, hit an all-time high in a survey by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, which has been asking the question since 1992. Most people also said they wanted to hear more about the candidates’ policies, and many said they wanted to hear less about who was ahead in the polls.
• There continued to be a greater trust in the paper or TV station that people actually use than the generic “media.” This suggests that the credibility issues with the media are, at least in part, frustration with outlets that people are choosing not to use. They are irritated with the press generally, but have choices they prefer.

In short, the public’s view of journalists hasn’t worsened much in recent years. But neither has it improved, despite a technological revolution that has given the public more choices than ever before about where and how and from whom to get news.

The Last 20 Years

All this comes against a background, of course, of the general attitudes about the press over the last two decades. In general, after falling in the 1980s and 1990s, the public’s view of the press according to a battery of different questions—from the morality and accuracy of the press to its professionalism and bias–have stabilized and in some cases risen slightly during the Bush years. But all of these numbers are now lower than they were a generation earlier.

Shortly after the November presidential election, for example, only a quarter of Americans rated the honesty and ethical standards of journalists as “high” or “very high” while nearly a third rated them “low” or “very low.”¹ Those results were within a few points of an identical poll taken in 2005.² But they were almost the reverse of what Gallup pollsters found in 1976, in the aftermath of Watergate when a third of Americans gave journalists high marks for ethics and just 17% gave them low.³

In early 2009, similarly,  only 8% of Americans told an NBC Wall Street Journal poll they had a “great deal” of confidence in the national news media while 18% said they had “no confidence at all.”⁴ That was similar to the results found in 2002.⁵

Persistent Criticisms of the Press
Percent of Survey Respondents

Source: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, “Views of Press Values and Performance: 1985-2007,” August 9, 2007. These survey questions were not repeated in 2008.

Source: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, “Views of Press Values and Performance: 1985-2007,” August 9, 2007. These survey questions were not repeated in 2008.

Believability Holds Stable

A decade ago, more than 40% of Americans said they “believed most or all” of the reporting from the most trusted newspaper or network news operations. That figure dropped steadily until 2004 when it leveled off – in the 20s for print and around 30 for television – and has remained their since.⁶

In 2008, the Wall Street Journal got the highest marks among newspapers, but only 25% said they believed all or most of what it reported. CNN, with 30%, did the best among broadcast outlets.

Most Americans view traditional news sources – print, TV and radio as believable. On a scale of 1-4, solid majorities rate leading print news organizations at least a 3, according to a May 2008 survey from the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. Relatively few people – about 10% for most news organizations – gave the outlets a rating of 1 – (believing “almost nothing” of what the news organization said. ⁸

Notable exceptions are People magazine – only 28% of those who could rate it give it a rating of three or four – and the National Enquirer; just 14% give the supermarket tabloid a three or four.

People continue to rate their own newspaper or local TV station fairly high. And, though the gains were slight, the ratings for both were higher than at any point since 2000.

The Growing Partisan Divide

The data offer some stark warnings in about political ideology and what was once considered the gold standard among newspapers, the New York Times. More than a third of Republicans now say they believe almost nothing in the paper (36% vs. 14% of independents and 8% of Democrats).

And only 10% of Republicans give the Times the highest believability ranking – 4 – down from 16% in 2006. Democratic ratings for the Times have remained stable (23% top rating in 2006, 24% in 2008). The Times drew particularly harsh reaction from conservatives in February 2008 when it published a story about John McCain’s personal and professional ties to a female lobbyist who had business before the committee he had chaired.

But the ideological divide goes beyond the New York Times. In general, Democrats continue to give most news organizations much higher credibility ratings than do Republicans. NPR, for example, is given the highest ratings by 37% of Democrats, but only 18% of Republicans. And NBC was rated highly believable by 31% of Democrats but only 16% of Republicans (This, too, could have been a reflection of controversy: some Republicans publicly blamed the network for what they viewed as bias at its sister cable channel, MSNBC).

Republicans, by contrast, are substantially more likely to give the highest credibility rating to the Fox (34%) than are Democrats (19%). Even with these low scores, Fox’s ratings among Democrats are much higher than Republican ratings for The New York Times (10% give it a four).

Partisan differences in credibility ratings for news organizations have fluctuated in recent years. In 2004, for example, there was a 19-point gap between Democrats and Republicans when it came to CBS News. That dropped to 11 points in 2006 and 8 points in 2008. The gap for ABC News fell from 18 points in 2004 to 9 points in 2006 and remained at 9 points in 2008.

Most of the narrowing of the difference, however, has been driven by Democrats lowering their estimation of each network’s credibility.

Campaign 2008

Political ideology was even more evident in the public’s views of election coverage. Voters in a post-election poll gave the media a grade of C, the same as 2004. Among the various campaign participants tested – the candidates themselves, pollsters etc. – the press tied with the GOP for the lowest average grades (also a C).⁹

Late in the campaign, fully 70% of Democrats rated press coverage positively, but fewer than four-in-ten (38%) Republicans shared this view. The opinions of Republicans had not changed much over the summer and fall, but, as election day grew closer, the number of Democrats who rated the press’ performance positively increased 20 points.¹⁰

A persistent and widely shared criticism throughout the primary and general campaign was that news organizations favored Obama, something that must almost certainly be seen as a point of concern for the press. In the campaign’s closing weeks, 70% said that most reporters wanted to see Obama win, compared with just 9% who said they wanted a McCain victory. ¹¹

In previous campaigns, majorities or near-majorities said the press favored the Democratic candidate. But the belief that reporters wanted Obama to win was far more widespread than it had been for any candidate since the question was first asked by Pew in 1992. While this view was nearly universally shared among Republicans, even a majority of Democrats said that reporters wanted to see Obama in the White House.

Throughout the campaign year, sizable minorities consistently said either that the press was biased in favor of Obama or that it was “too easy” on the Illinois Democrat. In June, 37% said the press had been biased in Obama’s favor during the primaries, while 8% said it was biased for his chief opponent, New York Senator Hillary Clinton; 40% saw no bias.

A month later, with the general election underway, 42% felt the press had no bias for Obama or his GOP rival John McCain. But an equal percentage of people felt the media was biased in favor of Obama, versus 6% who felt the press showed bias for John McCain.

And Republicans felt that way all the more. Nearly three-quarters felt the media was biased in favor of Obama, versus 1% who felt it favored McCain. Democrats saw it differently, with more than half (54%) saying there was no bias in the media for either candidate.¹²

Week after week, Obama was the most visible candidate in the public’s mind. With the exception of the period just following the GOP convention, far more people said they heard more about Obama than about McCain. In fact, early in the campaign, Obama did receive more coverage than McCain, according to a PEJ assessment. After August, the two rivals were in a virtual dead heat in the amount of attention paid, and the Republican ticket actually was slightly ahead when stories about the running mates were included. ¹³ But even then, 48% of the public said they were hearing too much about Obama; that included 34% of Democrats. Conversely, about the same percentage of Democrats said they were hearing too much about McCain.

Pew Research Center surveys consistently found a high level of public interest in the campaign. But by the end of the campaign, Americans were happy to see it end. Even as many celebrated Obama’s victory by saving newspapers with election headlines, 82% said they would not miss following campaign news.

Internet Gets High Usage, Low Marks

It was a watershed year for the Internet as a source of news, with substantial increases in the number of people who said they had come to rely on the Internet regularly for their news, especially about national and international affairs.

Online news outlets, however, are viewed with more skepticism than their print, broadcast and cable counterparts. Of seven organizations evaluated, none is viewed as highly credible by even a quarter of online users able to rate them.

Only Google News and Yahoo News – which derive much of their content from traditional news organizations – receive positive marks for credibility by most users who could rate them. Six-in-ten consider Google News generally believable, but just 13% give it the highest marks. Yahoo News’ ratings were similar, if just slightly lower. AOL News was rated as generally believable by less, just (46%).¹⁴

Good Marks for Top Story

The other mega-story from 2008 was the financial meltdown. In fact, news about the economy surpassed all other news stories, including the campaign, in the list of stories said they were interested in. In late September, as the crisis exploded, 70% said they were following economic news very closely – making this one of the most closely followed stories of the past two decades.

Given the public’s skepticism about the press generally, ratings of coverage of the economic crisis were fairly positive. A solid majority said the coverage was excellent (17%) or good (41%). Opinions about coverage of the economic crisis were far less divisive than views of coverage of the campaign.

Most Americans also felt that the amount of coverage of the crisis was appropriate. However, a sizable minority said that coverage of the government’s financial rescue plan was not critical enough: 42% expressed this view; and just 10% said coverage of the bailout was too critical.

Footnotes

1. Gallup/USA Today Poll released November, 2008. The results: 4% rated the ethics of journalists as very high, 21% as high, 44% as average, 21% as low and 10% as very low.

2. Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll released November, 2005. The results: 4% rated the ethics of journalists as very high, 24% as high, 44% as average, 21% as low and 6% very low.

3. Gallup Poll released July, 1976. The results: 7% rated the ethics of journalists as very high, 26% as high, 50% as average, 14% as low and 3% as very low.

4. NBC News, Wall Street Journal Poll, January 2009. Conducted by Hart and McInturff Research Companies.

5. The results for the 2002 poll: 9% of the people reported a “great deal” of confidence in the national news media and 12% “no confidence at all.”

6. All of these measures are based on those able to rate the news organization, not on a total of those surveyed.

7. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Political/Believability Survey, May, 2008.

8. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Political/Believability Survey, May, 2008.

9. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Re-Interview Poll, Nov, 2008. Specifically, 9% gave the press an A; 25% a B; 26% a C; 15% a D; 24% an F.

10. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, News Interest Index, October 16, 2008.

11. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, Weekly News Interest Index Poll, October 17-20, 2008.

12. A study of the coverage by the Project for Excellence in Journalism found that there was a difference in the tone, though much of it was driven by stories that reflected Obama’s lead in the polls. In the six weeks following the conventions through the final debate, unfavorable stories about McCain outweighed favorable ones by a factor of more than three to one. For Obama, just over a third of the stories were clearly positive in tone, while a smaller number (29%) were negative. winning media campaign.

13. “Winning the Media Campaign: How the Press Reported the 2008 General Election,” the Project for Excellence in Journalism, October 22, 2008.

14. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Political/Believability Survey, May, 2008.

Beyond our broadest conclusions, we identify six new trends emerging in 2009, which build off those we have identified in past years.

• The growing public debate over how to finance the news industry may well be focusing on the wrong remedies while other ideas go largely unexplored. Much of the discussion has centered on whether consumers would make micro-payments for online content and the possibility of nonprofits assuming ownership of the press. The micro-payment idea, however, was already tried and rejected by users early on and has run headlong into resistance from online advocates. Nonprofit financing, even with ad revenue, may make sense in targeted subject areas—health or investigative reporting, for instance—but it is unlikely that there is enough funding to become a general ownership model. The scale of the commercial media is too large and the potential losses too great. A host of other ideas, with more potential, are worth considering. While hardly a complete list, they include: 1. Adopt the cable model, in which a fee to news producers is built into monthly Internet access fees consumers already pay. News industry executives have not seriously tested this enough to know if it could work, but these fees provide half the revenue in cable. 2. Build major online retail malls within news sites. This could both create a local search network for small businesses and link them directly with consumers to complete transactions, not just offer advertising—with the news operation getting a point-of-purchase fee. 3. Develop subscription-based niche products for elite professional audiences. These are more than subject-specific micro-sites. They are deep, detailed, up-to-the-minute online resources aimed at professional interests, and they are a proven and highly profitable growth area in journalism. There are other ideas as well, including news companies collaborating to seriously challenge aggregators, especially Google, to start sharing more revenue. Several new revenue streams most likely are needed. The closest thing to a consensus right now is that no one source is a likely magic bullet.

• Power is shifting to the individual journalist and away, by degrees, from journalistic institutions. The trend is still forming and its potential is uncertain but the signs are clear. Through search, e-mail, blogs, social media and more, consumers are gravitating to the work of individual writers and voices, and away somewhat from institutional brand. Journalists who have left legacy news organizations are attracting funding to create their own websites. Experiments like GlobalPost are testing whether individual journalists can become independent contractors offering reporting to various sites, in much the way photographers have operated for years at magazines. It would be a mistake to overstate the movement at this point. But for a few journalists at least, there are signs of a new prospect: individual journalists, funded by a mix of sources, offering expert coverage to many places. The movement offers the possibility of more skilled reporting from the field. Yet it would also require consumers to be discriminating and raises questions about how news organizations would ensure quality and reliability.

• On the Web, news organizations are focusing somewhat less on bringing audiences in and more on pushing content out. The shift reflects the news industry more fully recognizing the viral nature of the Web and the rise of social media. What began as a few podcasts, RSS feeds and e-mail alerts a year or two ago has mushroomed into a more serious emphasis on developing multiple forms of distribution. One form involves helping citizens grab and share information with one another. Another involves placing content on as many platforms as possible. Most news websites now have links attached to stories so readers can more easily share that content, and many have gone further, creating their own Twitter or Facebook accounts to put more content into consumers’ hands and allow them to pass it along. News Corp. and NBC Universal jointly purchased Hulu.com—a site where users can view streaming video free of cost—giving both companies another outlet for their products. The economics of all this is unresolved and home websites still matter. The industry is also late in arriving. But the movement represents a dawning realization that the nature of the Web is something the news industry cannot fight and might even begin to employ.

• The concept of partnership, motivated in part by desperation, is becoming a major focus of news investment and it may offer prospects for the financial future of news. Partly to cut costs, partly to make up for lost or more narrowly focused content and partly an effort to remain relevant, news organizations are beginning join forces with institutions they once saw as rivals. Papers in South Florida and Texas now share copy rather than simply compete. The local television affiliates of NBC and Fox are sharing video of breaking news events.  Online, CBS Radio began a joint venture with AOL and Yahoo , pooling its stations together on one platform. The efforts are just taking root and, as with other experiments, there is little sign yet of how much success there could be in attracting new audiences or revenue. But the partnerships represent a small step toward individual companies in trouble beginning to pool ideas and resources in a way they traditionally have resisted. The move toward partnership also reflects change of another sort. The appeal of a news organization in the future increasingly will be not just the content it produces but also the fuller package of information it assembles from multiple sources.

• Even if cable news does not keep the audience gains of 2008, its rise is accelerating another change—the elevation of the minute-by-minute judgment in political journalism. In 2008 cable news came close to becoming the primary television platform of American political discourse. It was the only medium to be a clear winner in 2008, profits rising by a third and audiences growing 38%. But with cable’s singular fascination on politics, the biggest impact may be a sense of accelerating journalistic judgment. The minute-by-minute assessment of daily campaign maneuverings, many offered by partisan spin doctors in ways deliberately coarse and provocative, are now snap judgments about governance. The notion of a media honeymoon has become passé. The journalist who earned perhaps the most attention in Obama’s first month was a cable news financial “editor” who ranted on a Chicago trading floor, became a YouTube star and accused the White House of “threatening” him when Obama’s press secretary chastised him by name. Add to that the rising role of blogs, and now political figures “tweeting” from the Senate and House floor their immediate personal feelings. Even President Barack Obama has warned the press and public about listening to “cable chatter” and cautioned Republicans not to take their marching orders from Rush Limbaugh, whose role as a political leader is now news. Incrementally, it feels as if the line between unfiltered personal thought and public discourse is evaporating a little more.

• In its campaign coverage, the press was more reactive and passive and less of an enterprising investigator of the candidates than it once was. In 1992, the Washington Post produced 13 major profiles examining the past record and biography of the eventual winner of the race. In 2008, the paper’s ombudsman found, it produced three. At the Los Angeles Times, the number of such enterprise stories about the winning candidate fell by two-thirds. Many factors have contributed to this less pro-active press. Smaller newsrooms leave people less time for enterprise. Blogs and websites are deep wells of information, but they consume time and attention. The campaigns have become more disciplined about controlling their message, keeping their distance and putting out their own information directly to the public (see Lessons of the Election). Similar to 2000, most of what we know about the new president came from his campaign rather than from media enterprise. And very quickly his political agenda, whether changed by events or there but not always clear, has proved more sweeping than advertised.

By the Project for Excellence in Journalism

Some of the numbers are chilling.

Newspaper ad revenues have fallen 23% in the last two years. Some papers are in bankruptcy, and others have lost three-quarters of their value. By our calculations, nearly one out of every five journalists working for newspapers in 2001 is now gone, and 2009 may be the worst year yet.

In local television, news staffs, already too small to adequately cover their communities, are being cut at unprecedented rates; revenues fell by 7% in an election year—something unheard of—and ratings are now falling or are flat across the schedule. In network news, even the rare programs increasing their ratings are seeing revenues fall.

Now the ethnic press is also troubled and in many ways is the most vulnerable because so many operations are small.

Only cable news really flourished in 2008, thanks to an Ahab-like focus on the election, although some of the ratings gains were erased after the election.

Perhaps least noticed yet most important, the audience migration to the Internet is now accelerating. The number of Americans who regularly go online for news, by one survey, jumped 19% in the last two years; in 2008 alone traffic to the top 50 news sites rose 27%. Yet it is now all but settled that advertising revenue—the model that financed journalism for the last century—will be inadequate to do so in this one. Growing by a third annually just two years ago, online ad revenue to news websites now appears to be flattening; in newspapers it is declining.

What does it all add up to?

Even before the recession, the fundamental question facing journalism was whether the news industry could win a race against the clock for survival: could it find new ways to underwrite the gathering of news online, while using the declining revenue of the old platforms to finance the transition?

In the last year, two important things happened that have effectively shortened the time left on that clock.

First, the hastening audience migration to the Web means the news industry has to reinvent itself sooner than it thought—even if most of those people are going to traditional news destinations. At least in the short run, a bigger online audience has worsened things for legacy news sites, not helped them.

Then came the collapsing economy. The numbers are only guesses, but executives estimate that the recession at least doubled the revenue losses in the news industry in 2008, perhaps more in network television. Even more important, it swamped most of the efforts at finding new sources of revenue. In trying to reinvent the business, 2008 may have been a lost year, and 2009 threatens to be the same.

Imagine someone about to begin physical therapy following a stroke, suddenly contracting a debilitating secondary illness.

Journalism, deluded by its profitability and fearful of technology, let others outside the industry steal chance after chance online. By 2008, the industry had finally begun to get serious. Now the global recession has made that harder.

This is the sixth edition of our annual report on the State of the News Media in the United States.

It is also the bleakest.

Much of what we have noted in the past holds true. The old media have held onto their audience even as consumers migrate online. In 2008, audience gains at sites offering legacy news were far larger than those for new media. The old norms of traditional journalism continue to have value. And when you look at the numbers closely, consumers are not just retreating to ideological places for news.

The problem facing American journalism is not fundamentally an audience problem or a credibility problem. It is a revenue problem—the decoupling, as we have described it before, of advertising from news.

That makes the situation better than it might have been. But audiences now consume news in new ways. They hunt and gather what they want when they want it, use search to comb among destinations and share what they find through a growing network of social media.

And the news industry does not know—and has done less than it could to learn—how to convert this more active online audience into revenue. In newspapers, roughly half of all classified advertising revenue has vanished, a good deal of that to operations that newspapers could have developed for themselves. Insiders now expect that classified revenue could be zero in five years—or sooner. When newspaper executives met this winter to talk about how to create a way for consumers to design their own ads, the discussion focused on doing so for print editions, not online. “They still don’t get it,” one irritated executive told us on background.

There are growing doubts within the business, indeed, about whether the generation in charge has the vision and the boldness to reinvent the industry. It is unclear, say some, who the innovative leaders are, and a good many well-known figures have left the business. Reinvention does not usually come from managers prudently charting course. It tends to come from risk takers trying the unreasonable, seeing what others cannot, imagining what is not there and creating it. We did not see much of it when times were better. Times are harder now.

In the last year, alternative news sites, have continued to grow, including those produced by journalists who have left legacy newsrooms, but their scale remains small. The new media in aggregate are far from compensating for the losses in coverage in traditional newsrooms, and despite enthusiasm and good work, few if any are profitable or even self-sustaining.

Those are just some of the questions and conclusions in this edition of our annual report on the state of American journalism. This year’s report, as always, offers a general overview of the state of journalism as well as detailed examinations of the state of eight separate sectors (newspapers, online, network television, cable television, local television, audio, magazines, and ethnic media). The report also includes our in-depth content analysis, based on a study of nearly 80,000 news stories and television and radio segments in A Year in the News, which this year includes an Interactive Topline where people can explore the data for themselves.

This year we also offer some Special Reports. There is one on citizen-based media, including a university study of 363 citizen websites in 46 markets. There is a first-ever survey of the members of the Online News Association, to be released March 30. There is an essay by Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel on the Lessons of the Election. There is a backgrounder on the growing models of entrepreneurial journalism, new Web news organizations run by professional journalists outside the mainstream press. There is a review of changes in the last year in public attitudes.

The following list comprises the sources used throughout this report.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y

A

James Erik Abels, “Rupert Murdoch: Big Man on Campus,” Forbes, August 18, 2008.

James Erik Abels, “Strapped Local Stations Look to Web for Cash,” Forbes.com, December 4, 2008.
Online at: http://www.forbes.com/business/2008/12/04/television-internet-advertising-biz-media-1204localtv.html

James Erik Abels, “Slowing Fast Company?” October 23, 2008.

Russell Adams, “Newsweek Job Cuts Target Bureaus,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2008.

“Greater Media Embraces New Technology,” Advertising Age, October 20, 2008.

“The World is Flat,” Advertising Age, Magazine 300, October 6, 2008. Online at: http://adage.com/images/random/datacenter/2008/magtrend.pdf.

“Magazine 300: 10 Digital Leaders,” Advertising Age Data Center.

AdAge Hispanic Fact Pack 2008 Edition, Crain Communications, 2008.

“2007 Hispanic Fact Pack. Top 10 Hispanic Websites by Web ad spending,” Advertising Age, July 23, 2007.

100 Leading Media Companies, 2008 edition. Advertising Age.

“25 mi. infusion for HuffPo,” Adweek.com, Dec. 1, 2008.

Africa Channel. Press Release: The Africa Channel and Time Warner Cable’s New York. September 9, 2008. http://www.theafricachannel.com/pressroom.php?news=11

African Connection Newspaper Online, About Us. http://www.acnewsinc.com/pages/Aboutus.htm

African Sun Times 2008 Media Kit.

“Decherd Issues Letter to Colleagues,” A.H. Belo  Corporation press release, January 29, 2009.

Frank Ahrens, “More Than 100 Washington Post Journalists Take Buyout,” Washington Post, May 22, 2008.

Frank Ahrens, “Time Warner to Spin Off Cable,” Washington Post, May 1, 2008.

Frank Ahrens, “Washington Post Co. Earnings Plummet in Third Quarter,” Washington Post, October 31, 2008.

Air America Radio press release, April 3, 2008.  http://airamerica.com/blog/2008/apr/03/statement-air-america-radio-chair-charlie-kireker-1

Al Jazeera English online. http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2008/07/2008717114526698333.html

ABS-CBN International website, About Us.  http://www.abs-cbnglobal.com/Regions/USA/AboutUs/tabid/167/Default.aspx

A.H. Belo Corporation Q2 2008 Earnings Call, July 28, 2008.

Chloe Albanesius, “AOL Yahoo Tieup Sparks Net Neutrality Worries,” PC Magazine, March 11, 2008.

Rafat Ali, “Time Inc. Strange Buy: Acquiring Reader’s Digest Schools Fundraising Unit QSP,” PaidContent.org, August 7, 2008. Online at: http://www.paidcontent.org/entry/419-time-inc-buys-readers-digest-school-funding-raising-unit-qsp-for-110-mi/

Rosental Calmon Alves, “Many Newspaper Sites Still Cling to a Once-A-Day Publishing Cycle,” Online Journalism Review, July 21, 2004.

Newsroom Employment Census, American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 29, 2008.

American Urban Radio Networks online, company overview. http://www.aurn.com/company/

Helena Andrews. “Watts Launches African-American Channel,” Politico, July 17, 2008.  http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0708/11806.html

Nellie Andreeva, “400 jobs cut at Disney-ABC TV,” Hollywood Reporter, January 29, 2008.

Suzanna Andrews, “Who Is Wall Street’s Queen B.?” Vanity Fair, November 2008.

Arab American Institute Online.  http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics

Arab American Media Services, News Wire, “New Arab American Writers Syndicate Launched,”  September 4, 2008. http://aams.blogspot.com/2007/09/new-arab-writers-syndicate-launched.html.

Arab American News Online. http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/footer/about.html.

Aramica Newspaper online.  http://www.aramica.net/circulation.html.

Tim Arango and Richard Perez-Pena, “Cablevision Offer Baffles Wall Street (Again),” New York Times, May 12, 2008.

Tim Arango, “Murdoch Takes Issue with New Biography,” New York Times, October 22, 2008.

Arbitron, Black Radio Today, 2008 Edition.

Arbitron, Radar 98 report, September 2008.

“Radio Today: How Americans Listen to Radio, 2008 Edition,” Arbitron, April 13, 2008.

“Radio Today 2008 Edition,” Arbitron, March 12, 2008.

“The Infinite Dial 2008: Radio’s Digital Platforms”, Arbitron, April 25, 2008.

Chris Ariens, “New Bureaus, New Kind of Journos for CNN,” TVNewser, August 12, 2008.

Chris Ariens, “GE’s Immelt: “We’re not done doing cable deals,” TV Newser, August 18, 2008.

David Arnerich,. Worth Magazine,. “Lost in Translation,” July 1, 2006. http://www.worth.com/Editorial/Thought-Leaders/Politics-Policy/Opportunities-Exposures-Media-Lost-in-Translation.asp.

Asian American Studies Center at UCLA,  “2008 Statistical Portrait of Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders.” http://www.aasc.ucla.edu/archives/census2008portal.htm.

Asian American Journalists Association press release, “Study on Asian American Consumption Trends,” November 2, 2005. http://www.aaja.org/news/community/2005_11_04_1/

“AOL Weighs on Time Warner, Earnings Fall 26%,” Associated Press, August 6, 2008.

“Washington Post Co. profits fall 86 percent,” Associated Press, November 1, 2008.

“Rumbo to focus on web In San Antonio, Valley,”Associated Press, October 9, 2008 http://www.khou.com/news/local/houstonmetro/stories/khou081009_rm_rumbo-web-focus_.f7cd07a8.html

Jennifer Armor,  “Asian Americans Are Good for Advertisers So Why Aren’t Advertisers Listening?” USAianWire, February 7, 2008. http://www.usasianwire.com/release.php?id=443971727

Claire Atkinson, “2008 Political Ads Worth $2.5 Billion to $2.7 Billion,” Broadcasting & Cable, December 2, 2008.

Claire Atkinson, “Cable Stays Up amid Big Media Losses,” Broadcasting & Cable, February 7, 2009.

Claire Atkinson, “Cable Networks Likely to be TW’s Best Unit in ’09,” Broadcasting & Cable, January 8, 2009.

Claire Atkinson, “News Corp. Writes Down Value of Assets by $8.4 Billion,” Broadcasting & Cable, February 5, 2009.

Claire Atkinson, “Spanish-Language TV’s Wall St. Woes,” Broadcasting & Cable, October 20, 2008.  http://mobile.broadcastingcable.com/article/115933-Spanish_Language_TV_s_Wall_St_Woes.php

Audit Bureau of Circulations, Publisher’s Statements.

B
Katy Bachman, “WTVJ Sale Terminated,” MediaWeek, December 24, 2008.

David Bauder, “CNN Launches Nightly Election Wrap,” Associated Press, January 15, 2008.

David Bauder, “Tough Economic News is Good for Evening Newscasts,” Associated Press, February 4, 2009.

David Bauder, “Fey’s Palin skits mark turning point of TV viewing,” Associated Press October 19, 2008.

“AOL Completes Acquisition of Global Social Media Network Bebo,” Bebo Press Release, May 19, 2008.

Jeff Bercovici, “ ‘U.S. News’ Launching Digital Newsweekly,” Portfolio.com Media Blog, January 23, 2009. Online at: http://www.portfolio.com/views/blogs/mixed-media/2009/01/23/us-news-launching-digital-newsweekly

BET press release, “BET News Provides Extensive, Up-to-the-Minute Election Coverage,” October 31, 2008. http://bet.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=667.

“Television Industry Projected to Post -7% Growth in 2008; Station Transactions Lowest Level Since 2004,” BIA Press Release, December 18, 2008.

Henry Blodget, “Huffington Post Still Blowing Doors Off,” Silicon Valley Insider, October 22, 2008.

“Radio-Rating Firm Arbitron Settles New York Bias Lawsuit,” Bloomberg News, January 8, 2009, accessed from the Los Angeles Times: http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-arbitron8-2009jan08,0,6629465.story.

Steve Boris, “Ohio Newspapers Try to Break Away from the AP Cartel,” thefutureofnews.com, May 2, 2008.

“Benchmarking: Local TV Web Sites Gaining Ad Share,” Borrell Associates, March 2008.

“2009 Outlook: Big Slowdown Begins for Local Advertising,” Borrell Associates, November 8, 2008.

Greg Braxton, “Will Obama Reports Be Fair?” Los Angeles Times,  August 23, 2008. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-blacknetworks23-2008aug23,0,5934044.story.

Editorial, “Open Hopes,” Broadcasting & Cable, December 1, 2008.

“Airtime: The DTV Transition Brings Tidal Wave of Change,” Broadcasting & Cable, February 21, 2009.

“Al Jazeera Nabs First News Emmy Nod,” Broadcasting & Cable, August 14, 2008. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6587386.html.

“NBCU Miami Station Fetches Just $205M,” Broadcasting & Cable, July 28, 2008.

Phil Bronstein, Interview with Rick Edmonds, September 2007.

Stephen Brooks, “Dennis Launches Indian Joint Venture,” Guardian, September 11, 2008.

Ann Brown. New Media Dilemma for the Democratic Convention. Black Enterprise Magazine. July 18, 2008. http://www.blackenterprise.com/politics/politics-news/2008/07/18/new-media-dilemma-for-democratic-convention/

Peter J. Brown. “Tang Dynasty TV Takes on China.” Asia Times Online. February 14, 2009. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KB14Ad01.html

Meredith Bryan, “Big day in Englewood Cliffs,” New York Observer, September 16, 2008.

Elliot Van Buskirk, “House of Representatives Passes Webcast Bill,” Wired.com, September 29, 2008. http://blog.wired.com/music/2008/09/house-of-repres.html

Elliot Van Buskirk, “Liberty’s $530 million Lifeline Keeps Srius Xm Afloat,”  Wired.com, February 17, 2009.

C

Sinead Carew, “Jobs cuts hit hard in media, communications,” Reuters Media File, December 5, 2008.

David Carr, “When Even Condé Nast Is In Retreat,” New York Times, February 2, 2009.

Kayla Carrick, “Entravision, Univision’s U.S. Political Ads May Soar,”Bloomberg News, August 14, 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aV.Z9939Uvk0

Nicholas Carson, “AOL ‘Relaunches’ Its $850 Million Social Network, Bebo,” Silicon Valley Insider, December 10, 2008.

Bill Carter, “Political Futures: From TV to the Senate?” New York Times, October 21, 2008.

Bill Carter, “Telemundo Is Said to Have Struck Deal in Mexico,” New York Times, March 17, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/business/media/17nbc.html.

Bill Carter, “Telemundo Is Said to Have Struck Deal in Mexico,” New York Times, March 17, 2008.

Bill Carter, “Palin Effect on Ratings Only Modest for CBS,” New York Times, September 30, 2008.

CC Media Holdings Press release, November 10, 2008.

John Cassidy, “Murdoch’s Game,” New Yorker, October 16, 2006.

Salvatore Cavalieri, “Engaging the Hispanic Market: 3 Commandments,” TV Week Online Guest Commentary.  January 13, 2008. http://www.tvweek.com/news/2008/01/guest_commentary_engaging_the.php.

Brian Caulfield and Naazneen Karmali, “Mumbai: Twitter’s Moment,” Forbes.com, November 28, 2008.

“CBS Corporation Completes Acquisition Of CNet Networks; Merges Operations Into New, Expanded CBS Interactive Business Unit,” CBS News, Press Release, June 30, 2008.

Jean Yves Chanon, “U.S. Mobile News Market Nearing Maturity According to NYT,” Editorsweblog.org, August14, 2008.

Zev Chafets, “Late-Period Limbaugh,” New York Times Magazine, July 6, 2008.

Cherokee Phoenix. “Census Bureau: Native Population Increases, June 2008. http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Docs/PDF/2008/2008-06-01.pdf

Dawn C. Chmielewski, “News Corp. Posts 27% Rise in Its Fiscal Fourth-Quarter Net Income,” Los Angeles Times, August 6, 2008.

China Digital Times, About the China Digital Times. http://chinadigitaltimes.net/about/.

David T. Clark, “Weak Circulation Trends Across Industry,” Deutsche Bank Global Markets Research. October 27, 2008.

Stephanie Clifford, “Yahoo Tries to Move Past Takeover Status,” New York Times, June 5, 2008.

“CNBC Gets Linked In,” CNBC press release, September 4, 2008.

Patricia Cohen, “Buckley Steps Down From National Review,” New York Times, October 14, 2008.

Tara Conlon, “NBC Universal Buy Carnival,” Guardian Unlimited, August 20, 2008; “NDTV networks and NBC Universal conclude strategic partnership transaction,” The Financial Express, May 26, 2008.

Tara Conlon, “NBC Universal Buy Carnival,” Guardian Unlimited, August 20, 2008.

John Consoli, “NBC, ESPN Snap Up NFL Packages,” AdWeek, April 19 2005.

John Consoli, Media Week Online, “Univision Upfront Flies as Integrations Slow Telemundo, Media Week Online,  July 28, 2008.

Alan Cowell, “On Arab TV Network, Obama Urges Dialogue,” New York Times, January 27, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/world/middleeast/28arabiya.html?_r=1&emc=eta1.

Bob Cusack, “Schumer on Fox: Fairness Doctrine ‘fair and balanced,’ ” The Hill, November 4, 2008.

D

Wojtek Dabrowski, “Canwest creaks under debt load, may seek protection,” Reuters, February 12, 2009.

Rebecca Dana, “CNBC Ratings Jump Amid Turmoil,” Wall Street Journal, September 18, 2008.

Eric Dash, “Mexican Billionaire Invests in Times Company,” New York Times, January 19, 2009.

Democratic National Convention Website. Credentialed Blogs. http://www.demconvention.com/credentialed-blogs/

Diedre Depke, Interview with BeetTV.com, undated. Online at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNuwuhPAN1Q

Johnny Diaz, “Strike took viewers from late local news,” Boston Globe, February 29, 2008.

Rich Kirchen, “Writers strike impacts Milwaukee TV news,” Business Journal of Milwaukee, April 4, 2008.

Glen Dickson, “ATSC Eyes Digital TV’s Future,” Broadcasting & Cable, December 8, 2008.

Glen Dickson, “ABC Aims for Digital History,” Broadcasting & Cable, April 14, 2008.

Glen Dickson, “MediaFlo Primes for Growth,” Broadcasting & Cable, December 1, 2008.

The Digital Future Report 2009, Center for Digital Future, University of Southern California, Annenberg School Survey.

Larry Dignan, “AOL ad revenue continues to slide,” News.cnet.com, February 4, 2009.

“Mergers & Acquisitions, An Insider’s Guide to the Media Marketplace,” DeSilva+Phillips Report 2009.

Ken Doctor, “Couric’s Palin Interviews Show Ad Metrics Are a-SKU,” Content Bridges, October 7, 2008.

Andrew Dolbeck, Weekly Corporate Growth Report, July 14, 2008.

Kevin Downey, “The New World of Hispanic TV,” Broadcasting & Cable, March 5, 2007. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/107969-The_New_World_of_Hispanic_TV.php

E

Paul Eakins, “P-T Changes Spur Council Response,” Press-Telegram, March 5, 2008.

“AP Launches Mobile News Network App for BlackBerry Smart Phones,” Editor & Publisher, October 20, 2008.

“The Economist Selects CCC’s Rightslink for Easy Online Ordering of Reprints & Permissions,” The Economist and Copyright Clearance Center, joint press release, October 16, 2008.

Rick Edmonds, “What Should a Newspaper Cost?” Poynter Online, May 2, 2008.

Jim Edwards, “Hispanic Marketing World Insulated From Economy?” MediaWeek, October 27, 2008.

John Eggerton, “13 Pappas Stations File Chapter 11,” Broadcasting & Cable, May 12, 2008.

John Eggerton, “ABC Moving Nightline Jobs to N.Y.,” Broadcasting & Cable, June 16, 2008 .

John Eggerton, “CBS Sells Four Stations to Four Points Media Group,” Broadcasting & Cable, January 10, 2008.

John Eggerton, “Computer Companies Praise FCC Smackdown,” Broadcasting & Cable, May 16, 2008.

John Eggerton, “DTV Oversight Hearing On House Docket,” Broadcasting & Cable, February 24, 2009.

John Eggerton,  “Judge Approves Sale of Pappas Stations,” Broadcasting & Cable, January 16, 2009.

John Eggerton, “NCTA Opposes Urban TV Proposal,” Broadcasting & Cable, December 30, 2008.

John Eggerton, “NTIA: Wait List For DTV Coupons Keeps Growing,” Broadcasting & Cable, January 29, 2009.

“eMarketer Revises Online Spending Predictions,” eMarketer, December 1, 2008.

“February 2008: Search Marketing, the Behemoth Online Advertising Format,” eMarketer, accessed February 5, 2009.

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Tierney Plumb, “Profits Plummet at Radio One,” Washington Business Journal, November 6, 2008.  http://denver.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2008/11/03/daily89.html.

Portada magazine,  “Al Dia Dallas/Ft. Worth on What’s Behind Their Recent 80,000 Circulation Increase,”June 12, 2008.

Portada magazine. “El Clasificado Expands Into San Diego and Ventura Counties,” September 9, 2008 http://www.portada-online.com/html/website/paid/2007/08200705.aspx and http://www.portada-online.com/html/website/paid/2008/Sep15/El-clasificado-boosts-circulation.aspx

Portada magazine, “Express Media International Group Starts Florida Weekly,”August 1, 2008. https://www.portada-online.com/html/website/paid/2008/aug4/express_media.aspx

Deborah Potter, “The Perfect Storm,” RTNDA Communicator Magazine, May-June 2008. Online at: http://www.newslab.org/articles/broadcasteconomy.htm

Deborah Potter, interview with PEJ, October 31, 2008.

Deborah Potter, “On the Go: The outlook for mobile TV news,” American Journalism Review, August-September 2008. Online at: http://www.newslab.org/articles/mobiletv.htm

“Who Will Pay for the News?” Poynter Institute Conference, St. Petersburg, Fla., November 10-11, 2008.
“Sirius XM Radio Announces Results of Voting 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders,” PR Newswire, December 12, 2008.

“Internet Advertising Revenues in Q3 ’08 at Nearly $5.9 Billion,” press release, PricewaterhouseCoopers, November. 20, 2008.

“MSNBC.com Sets Video Traffic Record,” Prime Newswires, April 7, 2008.

Richard Prince, “Bob Johnson Planning New TV Network,” Maynard Institute’s Journal-Isms, November 25, 2008. http://www.mije.org/print/368.

“The New Washington Press Corps,” Project for Excellence in Journalism, February 11, 2009.

State of the News Media 2008, Project for Excellence in Journalism: http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.com/2008/

“The Four Questions With Teresa Stack of The Nation,” Publishers Information Bureau website, October 16, 2007. Online at: http://www.magazine.org/indy/four_questions/Teresa_Stack.aspx .

Jim Puzzanghera, “FCC OKs Murdoch Asset-Swap Deal,” Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2008

Q

Quantcast Web Analytics Online, theroot.com. http://www.quantcast.com/theroot.com/traffic.

Quantcast Web Analytics Online, accessed January 12, 2009

Douglas Quenqua, “Display Ad Prices Fell 50 Percent in Q4,” ClickZ, January 15, 2006.

R

“Online and Experimental Marketing Continue to Grow in Radio’s Off-Air Sector as On-Air Is Supported by Select Core Categories,” Radio Advertising Bureau. November 21, 2008. http://www.rab.com/public/pr/revenue_detail.cfm?id=109

“New York files suite against Arbitron,” Radio Business Report, October 6, 2008. htttp://www.rbr.com/radio/new_york_files_suit_against_arbitron.html

“Audi Adds HD Radio,” Radio Ink, October 22, 2008.

“Black America Today,” Radio One & Yankelovich, http://www.blackamericastudy.com/summary/AA-Presentation-Public-Deck-3.pdf.

“Black America Today,” Radio One & Yankelovich,  http://www.blackamericastudy.com/summary/AA-Presentation-Public-Deck-3.pdf.

“Radio One’s Interactive Unit Creates the Largest Online African American Community,” Radio One press release, August 7, 2008: http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1514362/radio_ones_interactive_unit_creates_the_largest_online_africanamerican_community/index.html.

“Radio One’s Interactive Unit to Offer Exclusive Content Covering the Democratic National Convention on NewsOne.com and Blackplanet.com,” Radio One press, August 26, 2008. http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/08-26-2008/0004873351&EDATE=

Radio One financial statements, for the nine months ended Sept 30, 2008. http://yahoo.brand.edgar-online.com/displayfilinginfo.aspx?FilingID=6239689-13134-206918&type=sect&dcn=0001041657-08-000046

“Our Properties,” Radio One Online, http://www.radio-one.com/properties/fact_sheet.asp?ID=9

Radio Saigon, Houston, coverage area. http://www.radiosaigonhouston.com/co_are.html

Leena Rao, “AOL Axing 700 Employees,” Techcrunch.com, Jan. 28, 2009

Sarah Reedy, “One step closer to mobile TV,” Telephony Online, November 11, 2008.

Chris Reidy, “Harvard Business Review taps Ignatius as editor,” Boston Globe, January 6, 2009. Online at: http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2009/01/harvard_busines_4.html .

Reuters, “Affluent Asian-American Segment Generates Opportunities as Crown Jewel of Multicultural

Market,” October 8, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS210245+08-Oct-2008+MW20081008

“Telemundo Ratings Ride Olympic Wave,” Reuters Online, August 21, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN2149448820080821.

“Cumulus Agrees to $1.3 billion buyout,” Reuters, July 23, 2007

“MySpace overtakes Yahoo in display ad views: reports,” Reuters, Sept. 1, 2008. Viewed on MarketingWeb.

“Gabelli Backs Harbinger’s Media General Slate,” Reuters, April 16, 2008.

“ ‘Foneshow Breaking news’ Introduced to Broadcasters,” Reuters, April 23, 2008.

Mike Reynolds, “Time Warner Cuts News Corp. Deal,” Multichannel News, January 2, 2007

Reuters Online, “Telemundo Ratings Ride Olympic Wave,” August 21, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN2149448820080821.

Kevin Osborne, “Paper Cuts,” citybeat.com, December 10, 2008

Mark Robichaux, “Market Dives, CNBC Thrives,” Multichannel News, September 22, 2008.

Allison Romano, “Cutting Bait on Subchannels,” Broadcasting & Cable, January 18, 2009.

“Expanding on Digital Successes, TheAtlantic.com Introduces Business Channel—First in Series of
Targeted Verticals,” Rosen Group Press Release, January 22, 2009.

“The Root Captures African-American Experience Around U.S. Presidential Race,” Theroot.com, press release, October 30, 2008

RTNDA/Hofstra University News Staffing and Profitability Survey, 2008

Patrick Ruffini, “The Internet Is TV. Twitter Is the Internet,” techpresident.com, Dec. 18, 2008

“Newsprint Price Increase Squeezes All Newspapers,” The Rural Blog, July 3, 2008.

Jim Rutenberg, “Black Radio on Obama Is Left’s Answer to Limbaugh, New York Times. July 27, 2008.

S

Jennifer Saba, “FAS-FAX:  Most Major Newspapers Continue Circulation Declines,” Editor and Publisher, October 27, 2008.

Jennifer Saba, “Top 30 Newspaper Websites By Time Spent,” Editor and Publisher, February 24, 2009.

“Clear Channel to trade Houston stations to CBS,” San Antonio Business Journal, December 15, 2008.

Richard Sandomir, “NBC’s Olympic Run Is Extended to 2012 With $2 Billion Bid,” June 7, 2003.

Richard Sandomir, “Tracking the Olympics Audience Across the NBC Media Universe,” New York Times, July 7, 2008.

Erik Sass, “Caught In Web: Magazines Cut Digital Staffs,” Media Post, November 12, 2008.

Erik Sass, “Cuomo Opens Arbitron Insider Trading Investigation,” Media Daily News, October 31, 2008

Erik Sass, “Deep Cuts: Mags Heavily Discount Rate Cards in 2008,” MediaPost Publications, February 4, 2009.

Erik Sass, “Fall Massacre, Gannett Cuts Thousands of Jobs,” October 29, 2008.

Scarborough Research demographic data.

Sam Schechner and Rebecca Dana, “Local TV Stations Face a Fuzzy Future,” Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2009.

Erick Schonfeld, “Yahoo’s Bartz Cleans Up House,” Tech Crunch, February 26, 2008.

Erick Schonfeld, “TV, Meet the Web. Google Analytics Starts Measuring TV Ads,” Washington Post, June 6, 2008.

Robert Scoble, “Scobleizer: Google’s Plan for Mobile Domination,” Fast Company, December 2008

SEC Filings, November 4, 2008

SEC Filings, May 12, 2008.

Lubna Shaalan, “Al Jazeera Moving Away from Launch Phase,” Peninsula, November 16, 2008.

Mike Shields, “CNN Launches iReport.com,” Editor & Publisher, February 13, 2008

Mike Shields, “NBC’s Victory Lap,” Media Week, August 25, 2008

Mike Shields, “Post-partisan reflection: surging pol sites looking beyond historic election year,” Media Week, Oct. 20, 2008

Mike Shields, “Power to the People: CNN Launches iReport.com,” Mediaweek.com, February 11, 2008

Sing Tao Daily Online.  http://www.nysingtao.com/advertise/index.html.

Sing Tao Daily Online. http://www.singtaousa.com/media/heritage.html.

Sirius XM Press Release, November 10, 2008

Sirius and XM press release, February 19, 2007

Scott Sloan, “WTVQ aims at Fox by launching 10 p.m. news,” Lexington Herald-Leader, December 5, 2008. Online at: http://www.kentucky.com/181/v-print/story/616039.html.

Erica Smith, “Papercuts,” graphicdesignr.net.  Also Smith, interview with Rick Edmonds, February 2009.

Stephanie D. Smith, “Vogue Living Cancels Fall Issue,” Huffington Post, July 1, 2008

Steve Smith, “Building a Mobile News Network,” Media Post’s Mobile Insider, July 10, 2008

Julieanne Smolinski, “Telemundo Touts Integration Strategy,” TV Week, May 12, 2008.

Mike Snider, “As Sirius, XM Signals Merge, Customers Are Confused,” USA Today, November 18, 2008.  http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2008-11-17-sirius-xm_N.htm

Mike Snider, “HD Radio sends strong signal, but audience is weak,” USA Today, July 8, 2008.   http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-07-07-hd-radio-main_N.htm

SNL Kagan, Economics of Basic Cable, 2008 Edition

Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Tribune files For Bankruptcy,” New York Times, December 8, 2008.

Spanish Broadcasting System press release. Nasdaq Suspends Spanish Broadcasting System’s Delisting Process. October 30, 2008.

Dylan Stableford, “Disney Shuts Wondertime; Hearst Stops Teen,” Folio Magazine, January 23, 2009. Online at: http://www.foliomag.com/2009/disney-kills-wondertime-hearst-stops-teen.

Dylan Stableford, “President and Publisher to Leave Newsweek,” FolioMag.com, July 16, 2008.

Dylan Stableford, “Panic: When Will the Layoffs End?” Folio, November 6, 2008.

Dylan Stableford, “Penton Lays Off 42,” Folio, June 6, 2008.

Dylan Stableford, “Condé Folds Men’s Vogue, Scales Back Portfolio,” Folio Magazine, October 30, 2008.

Dylan Stableford, “Postal Service Releases Details of Rate Hike,” FolioMag.com, February 10, 2009.

Dylan Stableford, “New Magazine Launches Decline Again,” Folio Magazine, December 16, 2008. Online at: http://www.foliomag.com/2008/new-magazine-launches-decline-second-straight-year

Brian Steinberg, “Local TV Stations Anticipate Severe Downturn in ’09,” Advertising Age, November 11, 2008

Brian Steinberg, “NBC to Establish Local Portals,” Wall Street Journal, October 13, 2008.

Brian Steinberg, “CNN Gives Biz Sites Run for Their ‘Money’,” Advertising Age, March 3, 2008.

Brian Steinberg, “NBC Universal, Google to Work Together on Ad Sales,” Advertising Age, September 8, 2008.

Brian Stelter, “TV Networks Rewrite the Definition of a News Bureau,” New York Times, August 12, 2008

Brian Stelter, “Fox News Joins a Social network, but Not its Parents’ Site,” New York Times, August 18, 2008

Brian Stelter and Jacques Steinberg, “Fox Business Ratings Emerge, for One Day,” New York Times, October 2, 2008

Brian Stelter, “Cuomo to Sue Ratings Company, Claiming Minorities Are Underrepresented,” New York Times. October 6, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/nyregion/07arbitron.html.

Brian Stelter. “American Anchor Quits Al Jazeera English Channel.” March 28, 2008.

Brian Stelter, “A Generation of Local TV Anchors Is Signing Off,” New York Times, November 30, 2008

Brian Stelter, “Switch to Digital TV Wins a Delay to June 12,” New York Times, February 4, 2009.

Brian Stelter, “Tim Russert’s Turnaround of Meet the Press,” New York Times, June 13, 2008

Brian Stelter, “Cablevision Unit Buys Sundance Channel,” New York Times, May 8, 2008

Brian Stelter, “NBC to Acquire British Production Agency for International Unit,” August 20, 2008

Brian Stelter, “Web Audience for Games Soars for NBC and Yahoo,” New York Times, August 24, 2008

Brian Stelter, “CBS in Deal to Buy CNet to Increase Online Ads,” New York Times, May 16, 2008

Brian Stelter, “Yahoo News Braces for a Day of Heavy Traffic,” New York Times, November 2, 2008

Brian Stelter, “Arbitron Settles Lawsuit Alleging Bias in Radio Ratings System,”  New York Times, January 7, 2009.

“NASDAQ Suspends SBS Delisting, company pays off $18.5 million note,” South Florida Business Journal. October 30, 2008.

“Spanish Broadcasting Blames Ad decline for Q3 losses,” South Florida Business Journal. November 6, 2008: http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2008/11/03/daily59.html?ana=yfcpc.

Spanish Broadcasting System press release, “MegaTV Celebrates National Launch,” November 5, 2007

Louise Story and Miguel Helft, “Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion,” New York Times, April 14, 2007

Joe Strupp, “ ‘Politico’ Announces More Staff, Circulation, and Coverage,” Editor & Publisher, September 22, 2008

Joe Strupp, “Gannett Announces One-Week Unpaid Furloughs,” Editor and Publisher, January 14, 2009.

Grant Surridge ,  “New York Times takes bold steps with its web coverage,” Financial Post, Sunday, December 7, 2008.

Grant Surridge, “Tackling the Loyalty Paradox,” December 8, 2008.

Georg Szalai, “Fox Mobile face-lift,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 20, 2008.

Georg Szalai,. “Spanish-Language Media Stocks Hit Hard,” Hollywood Reporter, September 16, 2008.

T

Talkers Magazine, Top Talk Radio Audiences, September 2008.

Ryan Tate, “Sam Zell Says, ‘xxxx[expletive deleted] You,”  to His Journalist,” Gawker, February 9, 2008.

Loris Ann Taylor, citing Government Accountability Office Report “Challenges to Assessing and Improving Telecommunications for Native Americans on Tribal Lands,”GAO-06-189 (January 2006) (“GAO Tribal Telecommunications Report”)

Ira Teinowitz, “Ad Spending Surges as Campaign Enters Final Days,” TV Week, November 2, 2008.  http://www.tvweek.com/news/2008/11/ad_spending_surges_as_campaign.php

“Telemundo Delivers Best November Ratings in 16 Years,” Telemundo press release, December 3, 2008.

“Time Inc. to Acquire QSP Schools and Youth Fundraising Unit,” Time Inc. Press Release, August 7, 2008.

“Bonnier Magazine Group Buys 18 Magazines from Time Inc.,” Time Inc. press release, January 25, 2007.

Time Warner SEC filing, August 6, 2008

“Time Inc. and Getty Images Jointly Launch LIFE.com,” Time Warner press release. September 23, 2008.

“Time Inc. to Acquire QSP Schools and Youth Fundraising Unit,” Time Inc. Press Release, August 7, 2008.

Cher Thomas, “Tulalip Tribe TV Station Hits the Airwaves,” Native Youth Magazine, March 4, 2008.

Chandra R. Thomas, “How Black Radio Found Its Voice” Time magazine, April 5, 2008. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1728240,00.html.

My-Thuan Tran, “Judge Limits Protests at Vietnamese Newspaper,” Los Angeles Times, April 9, 2008. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/09/local/me-protests

Evan Tracey, “Election Year Rains Millions on Media Outlets,” Advertising Age, July 31, 2008.

“Tribune Reports 2008 Second Quarter Results,” Tribune Corporation, press release, August 13, 2008.

TNS Media Intelligence, Top 25 Web Site Categories by Display Ad Revenue.

Szabolcs Toth, “Chinese news network in US finds perils of facing Beijing,” Boston.com, August 24, 2003.

Derek Turner and& Mark Cooper, “Left Out of the Picture: Minority & Female TV Station Ownership in the United States,”. Free Press, October 2006.

Press release, “TV One’s Democratic Convention Coverage Reaches 2.6 Million Viewers, Including 2.2 Million African American Viewers,” TV One, September 3, 2008. http://www.tvoneonline.com/inside_tvone/news_content.asp?ID=1267.

TV One Press Releases, September 2007 and 2008.

U
Various company presentations, UBS Global Media Conference, New York, December 2008.

Press release,  University of Wisconsin Advertising Project. http://wiscadproject.wisc.edu/wiscads_release_100808.pdf.

“Disney-ABC International Television Latin America and Univision Sign Unprecedented Strategic Production Agreement,” Univision press release, May 14, 2008  http://www.univision.net/corp/en/pr/Miami_14052007-1.html

“Telefutura Premieres Intriguing Original Novela ‘La Marca Del Deseo,’ Monday, March 24,” Univision press release, March 10, 2008.

“Univision Announces 2008 Second Quarter results,” Univision, press release, August 8, 2008.

:“Univision Outdelivers ABC, NBC, CBS or Fox Nearly Every Night During May sweep,” Univision, press release, May 21, 2008. http://www.univision.net/corp/en/pr/Miami_21052008-1.html.

“KMEX Univision 34 wins Viewership race; # 1 station in the country, regardless of language for adults 18-49,” Univision press release, January 15, 2009. http://www.univision.net/corp/en/pr/Los_Angeles_15012009-1.html.

“National Association of Asian Publishers Launched at NAA Marketing Conference,” USAsianWire, March 13, 2008. http://www.usasianwire.com/release.php?id=1404747149.

USAsianWire, press release, March 13, 2007. http://www.usasianwire.com/news.html

U.S. Census. Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 2000. http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-africa.pdf.

U.S. Census Demographic and Housing Estimates 2007.

U.S. Census, “Income, Earnings and Poverty.” http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/acs-09.pdf.

U.S. Census Bureau population estimates, July 1, 2007

V

JR Valrey, “San Francisco Black Paper Dumps Print Goes All Online, New America Media, August 15, 2008.

Jessica E. Vascellaro and Vishesh Kumar, “Google To Broker TV Ads for NBC,” Wall Street Journal, September 9, 2008.

Jessica E. Vascellaro and Scott Morrison, “Google Gears Down for Tougher Times,” Wall Street Journal, December 3, 2008.

Jessica E. Vascellaro and Nick Wingfield, “Google Ditches Ad Pact with Yahoo,” Wall Street Journal, November 6, 2008.

Verified Audit Circulation, AsianWeek Current Quarterly Submission (Publisher’s Statement), July-September 2008.

“Viacom Files Federal Copyright Infringement Complaint Against YouTube and Google,” Viacom press release, March 13, 2007.

Roger Vincent, “Times Lays Off 10 % of Editorial Staff,” Los Angeles Times.

“Communications Industry Forecast 2008-2012,”  Internet & Mobile Services, Veronis Suhler Stevenson, 2008.

Vanessa Voltolina,  “Time Inc. CEO on Restructuring: ‘It Was Looking Like 1931,’ ” Folio, October 30, 2008. Online at: http://www.foliomag.com/2008/time-inc-ceo-restructuring-it-was-looking-1931.

W

Marcia A. Wade, “FCC Hearing Broaches Media Ownership for Minorities, Black Enterprise magazine, August 6, 2008.

Darius Walker, public statement at Poynter Institute, “Who Will Pay for the News?” November 10, 2008.

Mark Walsh, “CBS Confirms Layoffs Restructuring At Interactive Unit,” MediaPost, December 11, 2008.

“Washingtonpost.com and Newsweek Host Unprecedented Live Super Tuesday Election Coverage,” Washington Post, via Business Wire, February 1, 2008.

Mark Walsh,  “Time’ For Another Home Page Tweaking,” MediaPost Online Media Daily, September 15, 2008

“Google Urges Washington Action on White Spaces,” The Wall Street Journal, September 2008.

“Heavy Debt, Fewer Ads Put Radio Firms in a Squeeze,” Sarah McBride, The Wall Street Journal, November 10, 2008.

“Microsoft Fills Post with Yahoo Veteran,” The Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2008.

Andrew Wallenstein and Paul J. Gough, “CBS gets Interactive with Smith,” Hollywood Reporter, November 6, 2006.

Philip Walzer, “Weather Channel Deal Sealed For $3.5 Billion to NBC,” Virginian Pilot, July 7, 2008.

“Newsweek President Greg Osberg Resigns,” Washington Post, July 17, 2008.

“The Washington Post Company Reports 2008 and Fourth Quarter Earnings,” Washington Post Company press release, via Business Wire.  February 15, 2009.

James Warren, “When No News Is Bad News,” Atlantic Online, January 21, 2006.

Alex Weprin, “News Divisions Retooling Facebook Apps,” Broadcasting & Cable, August 18, 2008.

Westwood Press release March 2008.

Peter Winn, “Democratic Senator Tells Conservative Radio Station He’d Re-impose Fairness Doctrine — on Them,” CNSNEWS.com, October 22, 2008

Peter Whoriskey, “Giant of Internet Radio Nears Its ‘Last Stand,’ ” Washington Post, August 16, 2008.

Martin Wisckol. “Fired Nguoi Viet Editor Launches Little Saigon Blog,” Orange County Register Blog: Total Buzz, April 7, 2008.

Michael Wolff, “Tuesdays with Rupert,” Vanity Fair, October 2008.

Casey Woods, “Obama’s Hispanic voter Outreach sets precedents,” Miami Herald. October 28, 2008.

Robert F. Worth, “Drawing a New Map for Journalism in the Middle East,” New York Times, January 5, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/world/middleeast/05rashed.html.

David B. Wilkerson, “CBS CEO: Ad rates flat with upfront, down from a year ago,” MarketWatch, December 10, 2008. Online at: http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid={BCF393AD-080B-419F-9245-C6A014BE7653}&siteid=yhoof2.

World Journal Media Kit. 2008

Y

Jeff Yang, “The AZend,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 29, 2008. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2008/01/29/apop.DTL

Deborah Yao,  “CBS swings to $12.46B 3Q loss after hefty charge,” Associated Press online, Oct. 30, 2008.

Many partners contributed to this report.

Rick Edmonds of the Poynter Institute co-wrote the chapter on newspapers with PEJ staff.

From the Project, researchers conducted the data aggregation and did initial drafting in the following areas: Russ Tisinger for the network and online chapters, Josh Appelbaum for the magazine and local television chapters, Kenny Olmstead for the audio chapter, Erica Feldherr for the ethnic media and parts of the newspaper chapter, and Jesse Holcomb for the cable television chapter.  Mark Jurkowitz co-authored the report’s content analysis. The content analysis team included supervision by Hong Ji,  Paul Hitlin and Banu Akdenizli; graphical analysis by Tricia Sartor and Mahvish Shahid Khan;  and content execution by the content staff of PEJ with special help from Nancy Vogt. Cheryl Elzey managed the budget.  Dana Page supervised public relations and visual displays.

Jon Morgan served as senior editor of the report. Amy Mitchell and Tom Rosenstiel supervised the project, edited the chapters and wrote the analytical components.

Irv Molotsky was the copy editor.

Wendy Kelly of WLK Design redesigned the web site and will produce the executive summary. The Project’s staff put the design into effect. Programming consultant Don Bell designed and programmed the interactive charts component.

Among the nearly  three dozen people who served as readers of the chapters were Derek Baine, Tom Bettag, Charles Bierbauer, Wally Dean, John Carroll, Rick Edmonds, Jim Farley, Ed Fouhy, Mark Fratrik, Félix Gutiérrez, Samir Husni, Alex Jones, Mark Jurkowitz, Marty Kaiser, Odette Keeley, Bill Kovach, Mark Lopez, Dick Meyer, Bill Mickey, Victor Navasky, Robert  Papper, Deborah Potter, Adam Clayton Powell II, Lee Rainie, Pedro Rojas, Alan Seraita, Neil Shapiro, Elena Shore, Roberto Suro, Al Stavitsky, Elinor Tatum, Loris Ann Taylor, Bill Wheatley, Dale Willman, and Judy Woodruff. Their thoughtful insights and suggestions greatly improved the chapters, but the readers are in no way responsible for the analysis or narrative accounts in this report. Moreover, the readers were not sources for information, unless explicitly cited in footnotes. In no case did a reader serve as an anonymous source for anything in the report.

Finally, the project could not have been completed without the extraordinary support, both financially and personally, of the Pew Charitable Trusts, particularly Don Kimelman, a trusted editor, and Rebecca Rimel, whose idea this report was in the first place.